Tuesday, September 18, 2012

Neonatal TPN


Earlier in the week, I presented a patient case on a neonate who had undergone cardiac surgery to repair his transposition of the great arteries.  In his postoperative management, the patient developed a chylothorax, at which point the patient was placed on NPO until the fluid drainage from her chest tubes resolve.  To provide adequate nutrients to this growing baby during this time, TPN was administered.  

Since I was following this patient, I attached an addendum to my case presentation that included a SOAP of the TPN regimen given.  As my references, I looked at both NTUH's guidelines as well as Neonatal and Pediatric Parenteral Nutrition Support Guidelines from the University of Illinois at Chicago Medical Center.  

Neonatal TPN
S/O
1.      Patient is NPO due to a chlyothorax. 
A
1.      Patient is NPO, and therefore, requires TPN to supply essential nutrients crucial to promote normal growth and development.
2.      Current TPN regimen:

Concentration
Rate
Dextrose
17%
48.96 gm
Aminosteril Infant
2.20%
2.64 gm/kg/day
Na
30 mEq/L
3.60 mEq/kg/day
K
30 mEq/L
3.60 mEq/kg/day
Cl
30 mEq/L
3.60 mEq/kg/day
Ca
25 mEq/L
3 mEq/kg/day
P
10 mmol/L
1.2 mEq/kg/day
Mg
5 mEq/L
0.6 mEq/kg/day
Infuvita
5 mL

Zn
188 ug

Trace Element
50 uL

Rate=340 mL @ 0.2 mL/min

3.      Calculations
 
Calculation
Assessment
Dextrose
48.96 gm/day x 1/2.4 kg x 1 day/24h x 1h/60 min x 1000 mg/g = 14.2 mg/kg/min
Goal:  11-14 mg/kg/min; patient's dextrose rate is approximately the within the normal range
Amino Acid
2.2%=2.2 gm/100 mL/day x 288 ml x 1/2.4 kg=2.64 gm/kg/day
Goal:  ~3 gm/kg/day for preterm infant; patient's rate is appropriate
Lipids
5 mL of 20% emulsion-->20gm/100mL x 5mL/2.4 kg=0.42 mg/kg/day
Goal: start at 1gm/kg/day, max: 3gm/kg/day; slightly below goal
Total Calories
dextrose:  48.96 gm x 3.4 kcal/gm = 166.5 kcal; AA:  6.336 gm x 4 kcal/gm = 25.3444 kcal; lipid:  1 gm x 9kcal/gm = 9 kcal; Total=83.69 kcal/kg/day
Goal:  40-50% of total caloric intake; dextrose consists of 83%; dextrose is above normal range
Total Fluid
12 mL/h x 24 H = 288 mL; 288 mL/2.4 kg = 120 mL/kg/day
Max:  140-150 mL/kg/day; total fluid is appropriate
P
Goal
·         Provide adequate nutrition while the patient is NPO
·         Fluid
·         Sodium
·         Protein
·         Carbohydrates
·         Fat
·         Electrolytes
·         Caloric intake
·         Increase lipids to at least 1gm/kg/day
·         Increase amino acids to ~ 3 gm/kg/day
·         Increase concentration of dextrose, may go up to 20-25%
·         Decrease percentage of dextrose to goal of 40-50%


Monitoring
·      Ca, Cl, Mg, P, K, Na
·      Fluid overload ie edema, renal function
·      Total caloric intake
·      Dextrose
·      Amino Acids
·      Lipid

Similar to medication dosing for the pediatric population, the estimated energy needs, dextrose, protein, lipid, electrolyte and maintenance fluid requirements are based on patient weight.  The normal and goal ranges for each of the components are listed in my assessment above.  

In our schooling, we did not extensively go over TPN, let alone neonatal TPN.  We spent one lecture going over a case with Dr. Ferrone, and that was the end of it.  At NTU, the students are well trained in TPN and seem to have a relatively solid grasp on management of TPN components.  This may be because TPN is considered a very specialized sector of pharmacy in the US.  At NTUH, the TPN orders are done by different individuals, depending on which department of the hospital they are in.  On the PSICU service, the nurses did the TPN orders.  Once the orders are processed on their computer system, the TPN pharmacy verifies the order.  In certain departments, the TPN pharmacy does the order as well as the verification.  At UCDMC, the TPN pharmacy is a consult service, and thus, only the services that call for a consultation have the orders done by the TPN pharmacist.




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